Esamības tagadne (Present Perfect)
The Esamības tagadne (Present Perfect) tense in Latvian is used to describe actions that have been completed in the past but are still relevant to the present. It emphasizes the result of a past action in relation to the present moment.
Mood:
The Present Perfect is used in the indicative mood, which expresses certainty about actions that are completed but still relevant to the present.
- Mood: Indicative (expresses past actions that are relevant to the present)
Formation:
The Present Perfect is a compound tense formed by using the auxiliary verb esmu (to be) in the present tense, followed by the past participle of the main verb.
Active Voice Conjugation:
| Person | Example Verb: runāt (to speak) |
|---|---|
| 1st Person | es esmu runājis/runājusi |
| 2nd Person | tu esi runājis/runājusi |
| 3rd Person | viņš/viņa ir runājis/runājusi |
| 1st Person Pl. | mēs esam runājuši |
| 2nd Person Pl. | jūs esat runājuši |
| 3rd Person Pl. | viņi/viņas ir runājuši |
- The past participle changes based on gender: runājis (masculine) and runājusi (feminine).
Passive Voice Conjugation:
| Form | Passive (Present Perfect) |
|---|---|
| / | ir ticis runāts |
Examples:
- Active Positive: Es esmu runājis ar skolotāju. (I have spoken with the teacher.)
- Active Negative: Es neesmu runājis ar skolotāju. (I have not spoken with the teacher.)
- Passive Positive: Latviski ir ticis runāts šajā klasē. (Latvian has been spoken in this class.)
- Passive Negative: Latviski nav ticis runāts šajā klasē. (Latvian has not been spoken in this class.)
