Presente de Indicativo (Present Indicative Tense)

The presente de indicativo is used to describe real and factual actions that are happening in the present or habitual actions. The indicative mood expresses certainty and is used for statements that are believed to be true or real.

Mood:

The indicative mood is used for stating facts, making observations, or expressing actions that are real and definite. It contrasts with the subjunctive mood, which expresses doubt, uncertainty, or subjectivity. The present indicative is the most straightforward tense in the indicative mood.

• Indicative mood = certainty, facts, reality

Usage:

• To describe actions happening right now: Estoy aquí. (I am here.)
• To describe habitual or repeated actions: Trabajo todos los días. (I work every day.)
• To state general truths or facts: El agua hierve a 100 grados. (Water boils at 100 degrees.)
• To talk about future actions when the context is clear: Mañana viajo a Madrid. (Tomorrow, I travel to Madrid.)

Regular Conjugation (Indicative):

Person	AR Verbs	ER Verbs	IR Verbs
Yo	hablo	como	vivo
Tú	hablas	comes	vives
Él/Ella/Usted	habla	come	vive
Nosotros	hablamos	comemos	vivimos
Vosotros	habláis	coméis	vivís
Ellos/Ustedes	hablan	comen	viven

Irregular Verbs:

Some verbs are irregular in the present indicative and do not follow the regular conjugation patterns. Common irregular verbs include:

• Ser (to be): soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
• Ir (to go): voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
• Tener (to have): tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen
• Hacer (to do/make): hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
• Decir (to say/tell): digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen
• Ver (to see): veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven
• Oír (to hear): oigo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen

Stem-Changing Verbs:

In the present indicative, some verbs have a vowel change in the stem for all forms except nosotros and vosotros. Examples:

• Poder (to be able): puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
• Querer (to want): quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, queréis, quieren
• Dormir (to sleep): duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, dormís, duermen

Reflexive Verbs:

Reflexive verbs use reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se) and are conjugated like regular or irregular verbs depending on the verb itself. Example:

• Llamarse (to call oneself): me llamo, te llamas, se llama, nos llamamos, os llamáis, se llaman

Common Time Expressions:

• Hoy (today)
• Ahora (now)
• Siempre (always)
• Todos los días (every day)
• Esta semana (this week)

Examples:

• Yo hablo español. (I speak Spanish.)
• Ella vive en Nueva York. (She lives in New York.)
• Nosotros comemos pizza todos los viernes. (We eat pizza every Friday.)