Perfektum Participium (Past Participle)
The Perfektum Participium is used to describe completed actions, and it plays a key role in forming compound tenses like the Perfektum (present perfect), Pluskvamperfektum (past perfect), and in passive constructions. It can also function as an adjective.
Mood:
The Perfektum Participium is a non-finite form, meaning it does not indicate a specific tense or subject but instead expresses completed actions.
- Mood: Non-finite (expresses completed actions)
Usage:
- To form compound tenses (with auxiliary verbs): Jeg har spist. (I have eaten.)
- To form the passive voice: Bogen blev skrevet af forfatteren. (The book was written by the author.)
- As an adjective: Den lukkede dør. (The closed door.)
Formation:
The Perfektum Participium is typically formed by adding -et or -t to the root of the verb, but some verbs are irregular.
Regular Verb Conjugation:
| Verb Type | Example Verb | Perfektum Participium |
|---|---|---|
| -ARE Verbs | tale (to speak) | talt |
| -ERE Verbs | skrive (to write) | skrevet |
| -IRE Verbs | spise (to eat) | spist |
Irregular Verbs:
Some verbs have irregular past participles. Examples include:
- Være (to be): været
- Have (to have): haft
- Gå (to go): gået
Common Expressions:
- Jeg har været der. (I have been there.)
- Hun har haft meget arbejde. (She has had a lot of work.)
- Døren er blevet lukket. (The door has been closed.)
Examples:
- Han har læst bogen. (He has read the book.)
- Huset blev bygget i 1990. (The house was built in 1990.)
- Den mistede nøgle blev fundet. (The lost key was found.)
